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TOEFL® Vocabulary Flashcard

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Human Body & Health
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benign
Can you define this word? /be-nign/ [b.ih0.n.ay1.n]
benign star_border
/be-nign/ [b.ih0.n.ay1.n]

Definition: (Of a disease) not harmful in effect:

Example sentences:

  • In actual fact, for the vast majority of cases, the childhood infectious diseases are benign and self-limiting.


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cardiovascular
Can you define this word? /car-dio-vas-cu-lar/ [k.aa2.r.d.iy0.ow0.v.ae1.s.k.y.ah0.l.er0]
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cardiovascular star_border
/car-dio-vas-cu-lar/ [k.aa2.r.d.iy0.ow0.v.ae1.s.k.y.ah0.l.er0]

Definition: Relating to the heart and blood vessels:

Example sentences:

  • Uncontrolled diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke.


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cellulose
Can you define this word? /cel-lu-lose/ [s.eh1.l.y.ah0.l.ow2.s]
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cellulose star_border
/cel-lu-lose/ [s.eh1.l.y.ah0.l.ow2.s]

Definition: An insoluble substance which is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibres such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers

Example sentences:

  • Major constituents of the cell wall are cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins.


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chickenpox
Can you define this word? /chick-en-pox/ [no ipa available]
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chickenpox star_border
/chick-en-pox/ [no ipa available]

Definition: An infectious disease causing a mild fever and a rash of itchy inflamed pimples which turn to blisters and then loose scabs. It is caused by the herpes zoster virus and mainly affects children.

Example sentences:

  • Generally, chickenpox is a milder illness for children than it is for adults.


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chromosome
Can you define this word? /chro-mo-some/ [k.r.ow1.m.ah0.s.ow2.m]
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chromosome star_border
/chro-mo-some/ [k.r.ow1.m.ah0.s.ow2.m]

Definition: A thread-like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Example sentences:

  • The sex chromosomes are placed to the right of the smallest autosomal chromosomes.


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chronic
Can you define this word? /chron-ic/ [k.r.aa1.n.ih0.k]
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chronic star_border
/chron-ic/ [k.r.aa1.n.ih0.k]

Definition: (Of an illness) persisting for a long time or constantly recurring

Example sentences:

  • People with chronic respiratory or cardiovascular illness or immune system diseases are also more susceptible than others to pollutants.


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cortex
Can you define this word? /cor-tex/ [k.ao1.r.t.eh0.k.s]
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cortex star_border
/cor-tex/ [k.ao1.r.t.eh0.k.s]

Definition: The outer layer of the cerebrum (the cerebral cortex), composed of folded grey matter and playing an important role in consciousness.

Example sentences:

  • Careful prospective and controlled studies of autonomic function will clarify the roles of the cortex and the brainstem in the generation and expression of seizures.


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degenerative
Can you define this word? /de-gen-er-a-tive/ [d.ih0.jh.eh1.n.er0.ah0.t.ih0.v]
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degenerative star_border
/de-gen-er-a-tive/ [d.ih0.jh.eh1.n.er0.ah0.t.ih0.v]

Definition: (Of a disease) characterized by progressive deterioration and loss of function in the organs or tissues.

Example sentences:

  • This damage impairs the immune system, leading to infections, cancer, or degenerative diseases such as heart disease.


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dehydrate
Can you define this word? /de-hy-drate/ [d.ih0.hh.ay1.d.r.ey0.t]
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dehydrate star_border
/de-hy-drate/ [d.ih0.hh.ay1.d.r.ey0.t]

Definition: Cause (a person or their body) to lose a large amount of water:

Example sentences:

  • When a person is dehydrated by more than 2% of body weight, both heart rate and body temperature are elevated during exercise.


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digestive
Can you define this word? /di-ges-tive/ [d.ay0.jh.eh1.s.t.ih0.v]
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digestive star_border
/di-ges-tive/ [d.ay0.jh.eh1.s.t.ih0.v]

Definition: Relating to the process of digesting food:

Example sentences:

  • Symptoms include increased blood pressure, cancers of the mouth and upper digestive system.


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exhale
Can you define this word? /ex-hale/ [eh0.k.s.hh.ey1.l]
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exhale star_border
/ex-hale/ [eh0.k.s.hh.ey1.l]

Definition: Breathe out in a deliberate manner:

Example sentences:

  • The basic technique is what's call ‘continuous circular breathing’, where one breathes slowly and deeply, exhaling without pause and then inhaling, again without a pause or break.


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immune
Can you define this word? /im-mune/ [ih2.m.y.uw1.n]
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immune star_border
/im-mune/ [ih2.m.y.uw1.n]

Definition: Resistant to a particular infection or toxin owing to the presence of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells

Example sentences:

  • Vaccinations allow you to become immune to an infection without having the illness first.


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immunization
Can you define this word? /im-mu-niza-tion/ [ih2.m.y.uw0.n.ah0.z.ey1.sh.ah0.n]
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immunization star_border
/im-mu-niza-tion/ [ih2.m.y.uw0.n.ah0.z.ey1.sh.ah0.n]

Definition: Make (a person or animal) immune to infection, typically by inoculation

Example sentences:

  • We recorded use of preventive health services and immunisations at the final paediatric assessments.


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immunize
Can you define this word? /im-mu-nize/ [ih1.m.y.uw0.n.ay2.z]
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immunize star_border
/im-mu-nize/ [ih1.m.y.uw0.n.ay2.z]

Definition: Make (a person or animal) immune to infection, typically by inoculation

Example sentences:

  • Stray dogs are carefully controlled, household dogs are immunized, and rabies vaccination is widely available.


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infection
Can you define this word? /in-fec-tion/ [ih2.n.f.eh1.k.sh.ah0.n]
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infection star_border
/in-fec-tion/ [ih2.n.f.eh1.k.sh.ah0.n]

Definition: The process of infecting or the state of being infected

Example sentences:

  • This causes the skin to blister on contact, which can result in infection, sepsis, and death


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malaria
Can you define this word? /malar-ia/ [m.ah0.l.eh1.r.iy0.ah0]
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malaria star_border
/malar-ia/ [m.ah0.l.eh1.r.iy0.ah0]

Definition: An intermittent and remittent fever caused by a protozoan parasite which invades the red blood cells and is transmitted by mosquitoes in many tropical and subtropical regions

Example sentences:

  • Preventable diseases such as malaria and diarrhea and cholera are a major killer.


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paralysis
Can you define this word? /paral-y-sis/ [p.er0.ae1.l.ah0.s.ah0.s]
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paralysis star_border
/paral-y-sis/ [p.er0.ae1.l.ah0.s.ah0.s]

Definition: The loss of the ability to move (and sometimes to feel anything) in part or most of the body, typically as a result of illness, poison, or injury

Example sentences:

  • Traditional stroke symptoms were defined as loss of balance and paralysis of at least one part of the body.


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pathogen
Can you define this word? /pathogen/ [p.ae1.th.ah0.jh.ah0.n]
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pathogen star_border
/pathogen/ [p.ae1.th.ah0.jh.ah0.n]

Definition: A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease

Example sentences:

  • Symptoms and signs of influenza in children are not specific and can mimic a range of other common respiratory viral pathogens.


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plague
Can you define this word? /plague/ [p.l.ey1.g]
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plague star_border
/plague/ [p.l.ey1.g]

Definition: Any contagious disease that spreads rapidly and kills many people

Example sentences:

  • Diseases like smallpox wiped out the indigenous people in a succession of plagues.


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polio
Can you define this word? /po-lio/ [p.ow1.l.iy0.ow2]
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polio star_border
/po-lio/ [p.ow1.l.iy0.ow2]

Definition: An infectious viral disease that affects the central nervous system and can cause temporary or permanent paralysis.

Example sentences:

  • Unless polio is eliminated in India and Nigeria, global eradication cannot be achieved


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polymer
Can you define this word? /poly-mer/ [p.aa1.l.ah0.m.er0]
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polymer star_border
/poly-mer/ [p.aa1.l.ah0.m.er0]

Definition: A substance which has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together

Example sentences:

  • The ability of living organisms to define the molecular composition of a polymer with complete accuracy is an enviable one.


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premolar
Can you define this word? /pre-mo-lar/ [no ipa available]
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premolar star_border
/pre-mo-lar/ [no ipa available]

Definition: A tooth situated between the canine and the molar teeth. An adult human normally has eight, two in each jaw on each side.

Example sentences:

  • The normal permanent dentition comprises four incisors, two canines, four premolars, and six molars in each jaw.


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respiratory
Can you define this word? /res-pi-ra-to-ry/ [r.eh1.s.p.er0.ah0.t.ao2.r.iy0]
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respiratory star_border
/res-pi-ra-to-ry/ [r.eh1.s.p.er0.ah0.t.ao2.r.iy0]

Definition: Relating to or affecting respiration or the organs of respiration

Example sentences:

  • A cough may also be caused by inflammation of the upper respiratory track due to a viral infection due to the common cold or flu.


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retina
Can you define this word? /reti-na/ [r.eh1.t.ah0.n.ah0]
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retina star_border
/reti-na/ [r.eh1.t.ah0.n.ah0]

Definition: A layer at the back of the eyeball that contains cells sensitive to light, which trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed.

Example sentences:

  • The chip captures light that enters the eye, and generates an electrical signal that is transmitted to the overlaying neural cells of the retina.


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saliva
Can you define this word? /sali-va/ [s.ah0.l.ay1.v.ah0]
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saliva star_border
/sali-va/ [s.ah0.l.ay1.v.ah0]

Definition: Watery liquid secreted into the mouth by glands, providing lubrication for chewing and swallowing, and aiding digestion

Example sentences:

  • When the food doesn't go down, the mouth produces more saliva to try and lubricate everything into submission.


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salivary
Can you define this word? /sali-vary/ [no ipa available]
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salivary star_border
/sali-vary/ [no ipa available]

Definition: (ADJECTIVE) Related to saliva

Example sentences:

  • Reflex secretion of saliva from the salivary glands under the tongue and in the cheeks is stimulated by chewing, taste and smell, to varying degrees.


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salivation
Can you define this word? /sali-va-tion/ [no ipa available]
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salivation star_border
/sali-va-tion/ [no ipa available]

Definition: The secretion of saliva

Example sentences:

  • Vomiting may be preceded by nausea, which is often accompanied by increased autonomic nervous system activity, involving salivation, sweating, pallor, and low blood pressure.


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stamina
Can you define this word? /sta-mi-na/ [s.t.ae1.m.ah0.n.ah0]
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stamina star_border
/sta-mi-na/ [s.t.ae1.m.ah0.n.ah0]

Definition: enduring strength and energy

Example sentences:

  • One of the great battles for a young dancer is finding the stamina to survive a solo without falling to pieces by the end.
  • Is it possible for one to have the mental, emotional and even physical stamina at the same time?


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therapeutic
Can you define this word? /ther-a-peu-tic/ [th.eh2.r.ah0.p.y.uw1.t.ih0.k]
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therapeutic star_border
/ther-a-peu-tic/ [th.eh2.r.ah0.p.y.uw1.t.ih0.k]

Definition: Relating to the healing of disease:

Example sentences:

  • It banned a drug which had considerable therapeutic value and was far less harmful than many other medicines.


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ventricle
Can you define this word? /ven-tri-cle/ [no ipa available]
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ventricle star_border
/ven-tri-cle/ [no ipa available]

Definition: Each of the four connected fluid-filled cavities in the centre of the brain.

Example sentences:

  • There was no definite plane between the tumor and the floor of the fourth ventricle.


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Words Mastered

benign

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cardiovascular

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cellulose

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chickenpox

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chromosome

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chronic

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cortex

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degenerative

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dehydrate

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digestive

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exhale

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immune

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immunization

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immunize

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infection

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malaria

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paralysis

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pathogen

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plague

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polio

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polymer

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premolar

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respiratory

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retina

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saliva

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salivary

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salivation

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stamina

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therapeutic

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ventricle

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