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雅思学术题组阅读练习题18

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This reading practice simulates one part of the IELTS General Reading test. You should spend about twenty minutes on it. Read the passage and answer questions 27-40.

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Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they func...
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Questions 27-34
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? In boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet, write

YES   if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NO   if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN   if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

27. The diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage increases during sleep.

28. During NREM sleep breathing rate decreases.

29. An increase in the oxygen level in the blood can occur as sleep becomes fully obtained.

30. The automatic, metabolic system increases its dependence on air exchanges during NREM sleep.

31. The heart rate slows down during NREM sleep.

32. Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM, less air is exchanged in REM

33. Breathing is faster in NREM sleep than in REM sleep

34. The role of the rib cage increases during REM.

The answer is NO. The statement claims that the diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage increases during sleep, but the passage explicitly states the opposite: "Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important." This key information appears in the first paragraph. Therefore, the claim in the question contradicts the actual content of the passage.

Associated Text:
Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important.

The answer is YES. The question asks if, during NREM sleep, breathing rate decreases. The passage states in the third paragraph: "During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate." This directly confirms the statement and makes 'YES' the correct answer.

Associated Text:
During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate

The answer is NO. The question says that an increase in the oxygen level in the blood can occur as sleep becomes fully obtained, but the passage states the opposite: "once sleep is fully obtained, there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM." This quotation from the third paragraph clarifies that oxygen decreases, not increases, during sleep.

Associated Text:
once sleep is fully obtained, there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.

The answer is NOT GIVEN. The statement claims that the automatic, metabolic system increases its dependence on air exchanges during NREM sleep. The passage details that during NREM sleep, the automatic, metabolic system controls breathing and that less air is exchanged, but nowhere does it mention a change in the system's dependence on air exchanges. There is not enough information to determine whether dependence increases or decreases, which appears in paragraph three.

Associated Text:
During NREM sleep the automatic, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide. During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being exchanged overall.

The answer is NOT GIVEN. The question asks whether the heart rate slows down during NREM sleep, but the passage does not provide any information regarding heart rate during NREM or any phase of sleep. The entire text focuses on changes in breathing and respiratory control, not heart rate.

Associated Text:

The answer is YES. The passage, in the final main paragraph, states: "The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM, it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing." This directly confirms that less air is exchanged in REM due to more shallow and irregular breathing, as mentioned in the question.

Associated Text:
The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM, it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing.

The answer is NO. The statement asserts that breathing is faster in NREM sleep than in REM sleep, but the passage explicitly states the opposite: "The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM ..." This shows that breathing is actually faster in REM sleep, not NREM, which is found in the last main paragraph.

Associated Text:
The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM, it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing.

The answer is NO. The passage states: "breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action," directly contradicting the claim that the rib cage's role increases during REM. This information is in the final main paragraph.

Associated Text:
breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.

Questions 35-37
Choose three letters A-F.

Write your answers in boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet.

Which THREE of the following are stated about the two breathing systems?
  1. The concentration of carbon dioxide is regulated by the voluntary breathing system.
  2. The voluntary breathing system has its control center in the brain stem.
  3. Voluntary control of breathing is located in the forebrain.
  4. The voluntary breathing system is able to bypass the automatic system.
  5. The voluntary breathing system produces a regular breathing pattern.
  6. The automatic generation of respiratory patterns resides in the brain stem.

35

36

37

The answer is C. Choice (C) is: "Voluntary control of breathing is located in the forebrain." The passage states, in the second paragraph: "Its control center is based in the forebrain," referring to the voluntary, behavioral system. This directly matches (C). The three correct statements for 9, 10, and 11—C, D, F—all appear in the second paragraph.

Associated Text:
Its control center is based in the forebrain.

The answer is D. Choice (D) is: "The voluntary breathing system is able to bypass the automatic system." The second paragraph states: "It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system." This confirms that (D) is correct. (C), (D), and (F) are all supported by explicit textual evidence.

Associated Text:
It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system.

The answer is F. Choice (F) states: "The automatic generation of respiratory patterns resides in the brain stem." The second paragraph confirms this, saying "The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem." This makes (F) one of the three correct answers.

Associated Text:
The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem.

Questions 38-40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.

38. All of the following are mentioned as being characteristic of breathing during sleep EXCEPT?

39. What happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficult?

40. A very mild irritation during sleep will likely cause the sleeping person to …

The answer is C. The question asks which is NOT characteristic of breathing during sleep. Option (C) is: "easier airflow in the passages of the upper airway." The passage states: “It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing.” Thus, (C) is the only one not mentioned as characteristic, as airflow becomes more difficult, not easier, during sleep, found in the penultimate main paragraph.

Associated Text:
It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing.

The answer is D. (D) states: "The sleeping person takes several inadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted." The passage explicitly says: "This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted." This can be found in the fifth paragraph and supports (D).

Associated Text:
This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted.

The answer is D. Option (D) is: "stop breathing temporarily while still sleeping." The passage states, "the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse..." Therefore, a very mild irritation will cause cessation of breathing rather than waking the person or coughing during sleep. This information is found in the fifth paragraph.

Associated Text:
the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.

Answer Sheet
1
N/A
2
N/A
3
N/A
4
N/A
5
N/A
6
N/A
7
N/A
8
N/A
9
N/A
10
N/A
11
N/A
12
N/A
13
N/A
14
N/A
15
N/A
16
N/A
17
N/A
18
N/A
19
N/A
20
N/A
21
N/A
22
N/A
23
N/A
24
N/A
25
N/A
26
N/A
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
分数总览
0 / 1
Multiple Choice
Matching Sentence Endings
Note Completion
Table Completion
Flow Chart Completion
Summary Completion
Multiple Selection
Short Answer
Matching Headings
Matching Features
Matching Information
Identifying Information
Identifying Viewer Claims
Sentence Completion
Diagram Labelling
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Tips to improve your reading speed
To get a high score on the IELTS reading section, you need to have a fast reading speed. To have a fast reading speed, you need to improve your vocabulary and practice dissecting sentences. One strategy to dissect a sentence is to look for the subject and verb of the sentence. Finding the subject and verb will help you better understand the main idea of said sentence. Keep in mind, a common feature of a IELTS reading passage is to join strings of ideas to form long compound sentences. This produces large chunks that students have a hard time absorbing. Do not get overwhelmed by its length, just look for the subject and verb, the rest of the ideas will flow.

Keep in mind, having a slow reading speed makes skimming or scanning a reading passage more difficult. The process of quickly skimming through a reading passage for specific keywords or main ideas is a requirement for you to employ successful reading strategies to improve your IELTS reading score. In other words, skimming and scanning are critical skills to ensure you complete all questions in the allotted time frame.
IELTS Reading Strategies
Once you can read and comprehend a passage with a rate of, at least, 220 words per minute, you'll be ready to start implementing our strategies. All too often, students spend too much time reading the passages and not enough time answering the questions. Here is a step by step guide for tackling the reading section.

  1. Step 1: Read questions first

    One of the most common mistakes that candidates make when approaching the reading exam is reading every single word of the passages. Although you can practice for the exam by reading for pleasure, "reading blindly" (reading without any sense of what the questions will ask) will not do you any favors in the exam. Instead, it will hurt your chances for effectively managing your time and getting the best score.

    The main reason to read the questions first is because the type of question may determine what you read in the passage or how you read it. For example, some question types will call for the "skimming" technique, while others may call for the "scanning" technique.

    It is important to answer a set of questions that are of the same question type. You'll need to determine which question type you want to tackle first. A good strategy would be to start with the easier question type and move on to more difficult question types later. The Easiest question types are the ones where you spend less time reading. For example, the Matching Heading question type is an easier one because you only need to find the heading that best describes the main idea of a paragraph. An example of a difficult question type would be Identifying Information. For this question type, you'll need to read each paragraph to find out if each statement is TRUE, FALSE, or NOT GIVEN according to the passage.

    Here is a table that lists the difficulty levels for each question type. Use this table as a reference when choosing which question type you want to tackle first.

    Difficulty level Question Type
    Easy Sentence Completion
    Short answer
    Medium Matching Features
    Multiple choice
    Matching Headings
    Summary, Table, Flow-Chart Completion
    Difficult Matching Sentence Endings
    Matching Information
    Identifying Information (TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN)
    Identifying Viewer's claims (YES/NO/NOT GIVEN)

  2. Step 2: Read for an objective

    After you've read the questions for the passage, you will be able to read for an objective. What does this mean? For example, if you come across a question that includes the year "1896", you can make a note of when this year comes up in the text, using it to answer the question later on. There are two reading techniques that will help you stay on track with reading for an objective. The first one, skimming, is best defined as reading fast in order to get the "gist", or general idea, or a passage. With this technique, you are not stopping for any unfamiliar words or looking for specific details. The second technique, scanning, is best defined as reading for specific information. With this technique, you are not reading for the overall gist, but rather, specific information. Notice how each of these techniques has a specific objective in mind. This will help you find information more quickly.

  3. Step 3: Take notes

    As you're reading for an objective, you should also be making notes on the margins of the passage, placing stars next to key information, or underlining things that you believe will help you answer the various questions. This will make it easier for you to check back when you are asked certain things in the questions. Choose whichever note-taking system is right for you - just make sure you do it!

  4. Step 4: Answer wisely

    After you've read the questions, read the passage, and have taken any appropriate notes, you you should have located the part of the text where you where you need to read carefully. Then just read carefully and think critically to determine the correct answer.

IELTS Reading Question Types

The IELTS reading test contains many different question types:

Matching HeadingsIELTS Reading Lesson: Matching Headings
Matching InformationIELTS Reading Lesson: Matching Information
Matching FeaturesIELTS Reading Lesson: Matching Features
Summary CompletionIELTS Reading Lesson: Summary Completion
Identifying InformationIELTS Reading Lesson: Identifying Information
Identifying Writer's claimsIELTS Reading Lesson: Identifying Writer's claims
Multiple ChoiceIELTS Reading Lesson: Multiple Choice
Short AnswerIELTS Reading Lesson: Short Answer
Match Sentence EndingIELTS Reading Lesson: Match Sentence Ending
Sentence CompletionIELTS Reading Lesson: Sentence Completion
Table CompletionIELTS Reading Lesson: Table Completion
 
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