Questions 28-34
The reading passage has seven sections, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for sections A-G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i-x in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
- Preferences and Biology
- Disruptions in Rhythm
- Sufficient Sleep
- Effects of Human Inventions
- Explaining Awareness
- High-Risk Behaviors
- Children Sleep Cycles
- Psychiatric Effects
- Effects on Poor Health
- Different Body Rhythms
The answer is v. Section A introduces and discusses the concept of consciousness and awareness. The paragraph begins with 'What is consciousness? Basically, it describes how aware we are of internal and external things happening around us.' It goes on to provide examples of internal and external awareness and emphasizes the range and shifting states of consciousness. Therefore, the most appropriate heading from the list is (v) Explaining Awareness, as the section focuses on defining and detailing the concept of awareness. This information is found in Section A.
Associated Text:
What is consciousness? Basically, it describes how aware we are of internal and external things happening around us. Some examples of internal awareness can include feeling pain, hunger, sleepiness, and being aware of our emotions. External awareness deals with other types of experiences, such as feeling the wind, hearing your loved one's voice, or seeing colors. As people, we experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness constantly. Some scientists even describe consciousness as a range that starts from full awareness to a deep sleep, including all events that happen throughout the period!
The answer is x. Section B discusses the idea that everyone experiences different types of body rhythms, specifically biological and circadian rhythms, and explains how these patterns regulate various bodily functions, such as body temperature. This matches heading (x) Different Body Rhythms because the paragraph is primarily about explaining the existence and nature of various bodily rhythms. This information is clearly described in Section B.
Associated Text:
Each person experiences different rhythms, such as biological rhythms or circadian rhythms. These are two different things that help regulate the body, and differ in how they are experienced. Think about your body temperature. It is never the same temperature throughout a twenty-three hour period. Since this fluctuates, this would be an example of a biological rhythm. Circadian rhythms, on the other hand, are specific biological rhythms that take place over a twenty-four hour period. This rhythm plays an important role in changes in our state of consciousness.
The answer is ii. Section C describes circumstances when circadian rhythms are disrupted, specifically explaining that a lack of melatonin can cause these disruptions. The line 'This can be disrupted, however, when people have less melatonin than is needed to guarantee a balanced rhythm.' shows the focus on problems occurring with biological rhythms, which clearly matches the heading (ii) Disruptions in Rhythm. This is detailed in Section C.
Associated Text:
This can be disrupted, however, when people have less melatonin than is needed to guarantee a balanced rhythm. Melatonin is a hormone that helps regulate various biological rhythms as well as the immune system. What happens when a person has less melatonin, then? Immune systems are weaker and there are more complaints of feeling exhausted during the day.
The answer is i. Section D discusses how people's preferences and biology interact to create individual differences in sleep patterns, like being a "night owl" or a “morning person”. It specifically states, "These individual differences are known as a person's 'chronotype' in addition to relying on a person's proclivity. In other words, both biology and a person's tastes play a part in this!" Thus, the most appropriate heading is (i) Preferences and Biology. This explanation is provided in Section D.
Associated Text:
These individual differences are known as a person's “chronotype” in addition to relying on a person's proclivity. In other words, both biology and a person's tastes play a part in this! Night owls and morning people have different chronotypes, which is why they differ with regard to sleep regulation. Of course, other factors can impact adaptations to circadian rhythms, which can be out of a person's control. Careers and work shifts, for example, can play a large part in the amount of sleep one gets, and when they get it. News reporters who must work in the early morning, or hospital staff with “night shifts”, are just a few examples of employees whose work schedules control their circadian rhythms.
The answer is iv. Section E discusses how inventions and technological advancements, such as exposure to electric light and digital technology, have disrupted normal sleep cycles and reduced the amount of sleep people receive. The key sentence, 'Studies have shown that the simple use of electric light, for example, has decreased the amount of sleep that we get,' shows this section is best summarized by (iv) Effects of Human Inventions. This content is in Section E.
Associated Text:
The fact that people use the Internet, computers, and technology for both professional and personal matters means that we get less sleep. When compared to our ancestors, or simply just a few decades before the present day, our current society is more often exposed to artificial light and technological devices. Studies have shown that the simple use of electric light, for example, has decreased the amount of sleep that we get. This makes sense, as it shows how inventions have allowed us to “be awake” even during times of darkness.
The answer is ix. Section F focuses on the negative consequences of sleep deprivation on health. It lists physiological effects—such as obesity, reduced immune functioning, increased stress hormones, and high blood pressure—and mentions that lack of sleep can decrease mental alertness. These details fit heading (ix) Effects on Poor Health, as the paragraph details the various harmful health effects of insufficient sleep, found in Section F.
Associated Text:
Not only can a lack of sleep result in a decreased level of mental alertness, but it can also have physiological effects. It has contributed to obesity, reduced immune functioning, increased stress hormones, and high blood pressure. It continues to astonish doctors how lack of sleep can have such an effect on the body's biological functions as well. In a study done by Harvard Medical School, results showed that those who slept less had more health problems and generally paid visits to their doctors more often.
The answer is vi. Section G highlights the dangers of high-risk behaviors linked to sleep deprivation, especially driving. 'Unfortunately, it has been noted many times that individuals suffering from sleep-deprivation put themselves and others at risk while operating machinery. In fact, driving while sleep-deprived has even been known to be more dangerous than alcohol intake at the wheel.' This passage clearly corresponds with heading (vi) High-Risk Behaviors. All this information is in Section G.
Associated Text:
Unfortunately, it has been noted many times that individuals suffering from sleep-deprivation put themselves and others at risk while operating machinery. In fact, driving while sleep-deprived has even been known to be more dangerous than alcohol intake at the wheel.
Questions 35-40
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-L, below.
- surprised
- given
- frequently
- chemistry
- results
- chronotype
- effectively
- secured
- badly
- causes
- skeptical
- long-term
The answer is F. In the summary sentence, 'If you prefer staying up late to do work, these preferences have most likely been influenced by ...', the appropriate answer is 'chronotype' (F). Section D explains that individual differences like being a 'night owl' or 'morning person' (preferences for bedtimes) are influenced by a person's chronotype and biology, which matches the summary context.
Associated Text:
These individual differences are known as a person's “chronotype” in addition to relying on a person's proclivity.
The answer is H. The summary states, 'people do not have an adequate amount of melatonin, meaning a balanced circadian rhythm is not ...'. Section C describes that, 'This can be disrupted, however, when people have less melatonin than is needed to guarantee a balanced rhythm.' The word 'secured' (H) best fits the blank, as it means ensured or guaranteed in this context.
Associated Text:
This can be disrupted, however, when people have less melatonin than is needed to guarantee a balanced rhythm.
The answer is G. For the sentence, 'which negatively impacts how alert someone is, along with how ___ their mind can operate,' Section E discusses insufficient sleep and states it has a drastic negative impact on 'alertness and mental efficiency.' The word 'effectively' (G) appropriately fills this blank because it refers to the mind’s efficiency and capability.
Associated Text:
This can be a chronic problem, influencing alertness and mental efficiency in a drastic way.
The answer is E. In the summary sentence, 'we are made increasingly aware of the extremely negative ___ of sleep deprivation', Section F discusses 'the drastic and negative consequences of not getting enough rest' and 'results showed that those who slept less had more health problems'. The word 'results' (E) succinctly summarizes these effects and consequences.
Associated Text:
The more people become sleep-deprived, the more we are made aware of the drastic and negative consequences of not getting enough rest. In a study done by Harvard Medical School, results showed that those who slept less had more health problems and generally paid visits to their doctors more often.
The answer is A. The summary sentence, 'Doctors remain ___ that lack of sleep can have such an effect on a person's health,' is directly referenced in Section F, which says, 'It continues to astonish doctors how lack of sleep can have such an effect on the body's biological functions.' The correct word to use here is 'surprised' (A).
Associated Text:
It continues to astonish doctors how lack of sleep can have such an effect on the body's biological functions as well.
The answer is C. The blank relates to how often sleep-deprived people visit doctors. Section F states, 'results showed that those who slept less had more health problems and generally paid visits to their doctors more often.' The word 'frequently' (C) matches 'more often' in the passage.
Associated Text:
results showed that those who slept less had more health problems and generally paid visits to their doctors more often.
